Statement by Health Ministry on confirmed case of West Nile virus in Barbados

he Ministry of Health and Wellness has confirmed one case of West Nile Virus in Barbados. Communication relative to this was issued in Surveillance Bulletin for week No. 38 dated September 27.

The Ministry wishes to assure the public that given the pattern of transmission and disease, there is little risk to the general population. With reference to the one confirmed case, the patient, an adolescent female, was diagnosed in September 2024, after presenting with symptoms including fever, headache, and body aches. She later developed encephalitis (infection of the brain). Initial testing for dengue fever and bacterial infections was negative, and further testing revealed the presence of antibodies consistent with West Nile Fever.

A study conducted in 2007 predicted that the disease/virus was likely to be detected in Barbados at some point in the future due to the presence of the Culex mosquito and migratory birds which carry the virus. Although the virus has been previously known to be in the Caribbean, with a recently confirmed case in Martinique, this is the first documented case of West Nile Virus in Barbados.

It is important to note that humans and horses infected with West Nile Virus do not transmit the virus to mosquitoes, therefore there is no risk of a widespread outbreak from this case.

West Nile Virus, is similar to Dengue, and is primarily transmitted from the infected migratory bird via the Culex mosquito. Other rare forms of transmission include mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, and through infected blood products or transplant material.

Infection with West Nile Virus generally causes mild illness, with approximately 80 per cent of cases being asymptomatic. It usually takes between two to six days for symptoms to show but can take up to 14 days. Around 20 per cent of infected individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, headaches, muscle aches, gastrointestinal discomfort, and a temporary rash.  In rare cases, (fewer than 1 per cent) the virus may cause neurological infection with features such as meningitis or encephalitis.

Patients with a normal immune system, who have recovered from the virus should have lifelong protection from re-infection. However, they should refrain from donating blood for at least four months.

While there is currently no specific treatment for West Nile Virus, most individuals recover with supportive care, which include fluids, rest, and analgesia. However, individuals with suspected neurological symptoms should seek immediate medical attention, as complications like respiratory distress and seizures may occur.

The Ministry of Health and Wellness will continue to manage mosquito populations, including educating the public on avoiding mosquito bites. The Ministry will also continue its surveillance and testing for the West Nile Virus as a part of the normal testing protocol for mosquito-borne illnesses.